About Book

Cell biology is a dynamic discipline that integrates the interests of a variety of scientific fields including molecular biology, biology, biochemistry, biophysics, microbiology, physiology, developmental biology, cytology, and genetics-fields that are once almost completely independent of each other. Cell biology is largely concerned with the study of the structure and functions of cells (morphological and physiological). Cell physiology is concerned with the study of cell functions and cell structure. It also examines the processes performed by cells to function. A cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which forms a selective barrier that allows nutrients to enter and waste products to leave. The interior of the cell is organized into many specialized compartments, or organelles, each surrounded by a separate membrane. The book deals with all aspects of cell biology and physiology. It focuses on cell carcinoma, cell nanobiology, yeast cell, micrornas, immune system, neuroblastoma, stromal stem cells and biological regulators. The main objective of this book is to provide easier access and sufficient information to the readers to enrich their existing knowledge base. It traces the progress of cell physiology and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on the subject have been included in this book. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Regulators of Physiology and Disease............................................................................1

Abstract ..................................................................................................1

1. Introduction ..........................................................................................2

2. EVs and implications on selected disease states ...........................5

3. Machine learning ...............................................................................13

4. Conclusion ...........................................................................................19

Chapter 2 Stromal Stem Cells: Nature, Biology and Potential Therapeutic Applications...............................................................................................30

Abstract ................................................................................................30

1. Introduction ........................................................................................31

2. History .................................................................................................32

3. Sources .................................................................................................32

4. Characteristics .....................................................................................33

5. Morphology ........................................................................................34

6. Differentiation capacity ....................................................................34

7. The immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells ...37

8. Isolation and culturing .....................................................................39

9. Applications ........................................................................................42

10. Cryopreservation and banking .......................................................45

11. Summary and conclusion ................................................................46

Chapter 3 The Rejuvenation of the Immune System: Physiological, Cellular,

and Molecular Mechanisms...................................................................58

Abstract ................................................................................................58

1. Introduction..........................................................................................59

2. The aging of the immune system and approaches to its

rejuvenation..........................................................................................61

3. Conclusions .........................................................................................75

Acknowledgements.............................................................................78

Chapter 4 Cell Nanobiology......................................................................................82

1. Introduction..........................................................................................82

2. Conclusion..........................................................................................105

Acknowledgements...........................................................................105

Chapter 5 Implication of MicroRNAs in the Pathophysiology of Cardiac and

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells............................................................117

1. Introduction ......................................................................................117

2. Current methods for studying miRNAs: Functional analysis.120

3. MicroRNAs are implicated in the pathophysiology of vascular

smooth muscle cells..........................................................................123

4. MicroRNAs are implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiac

muscle cells........................................................................................127

5. The miRNA regulators: Who watches the watchmen? ............131

6. MiRNAs: New biomarkers in vascular and cardiac diseases..134

7. Potential of miRNAs as innovative drug targets ......................135

8. In conclusion: MicroRNAs, a bright future?...............................137

Acknowledgement.............................................................................138

Chapter 6 Physiological Analysis of Yeast Cell by Intelligent Signal

Processing.................................................................................................147

1. Introduction........................................................................................147

2. Yeast biotechnology..........................................................................153

3. Knowledge based methodology.....................................................157

4. A boosting-like mechanism for Progol.........................................160

5. Inductive logic programming: basic concepts.............................160

6. Formalization of our problem........................................................161

7. Detection and characterization of physiological states.............163

8. Detection and selection of singularities by wavelets and Hölder

exponent..............................................................................................164

9. Differential evolution........................................................................169

10. Use of GA for Hölder’s coefficients detection............................171

11. Characterization by correlation pro-duct and classification.....172

12. Experimental results.........................................................................173

13. Discussion and conclusion..............................................................177

Chapter 7 Molecularbiology of Basal Cell Carcinoma.....................................181

1. Introduction........................................................................................181

2. Molecular markers for basal cell carcinomas and tumor-free

margin tissues....................................................................................186

3. Biomarkers for chemoprevention of basal cell carcinomas......203

4. Conclusion..........................................................................................207

5. Acknowledgements...........................................................................207

Chapter 8 The Cell Biology of Neuroblastoma..................................................229

1. Introduction ......................................................................................229

2. Cancer cell growth ..........................................................................229

3. Tumor suppression ..........................................................................240

4. Cancer cell apoptosis ......................................................................244

5. Chemotherapy ..................................................................................246

6. Concluding remarks ........................................................................250

7. Acknowledgments.............................................................................250

Citation......................................................................................................263

Index...........................................................................................................265

About Author

Nora Fuller has a Master’s Degree in Biology and a Ph.D. in Molecular and Cell Biology from Science Research University, Naples. She serves as a Research Professor of Biological Sciences at Technical Institute, Madeira. Her academic and research interests lie in cell biology and developmental cell interactions. Fuller has worked extensively in the fields of cell biology, molecular biology and cell interactions; and has published over 60 peer-reviewed articles and journal papers; and over 25 book chapters in these fields. She has been an eminent speaker in seminars across Europe, America.