About Book

Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. Poultry are farmed in great numbers with chickens being the most numerous. A carefully controlled environment that avoids crowding, chilling, overheating, or frightening is almost universal in poultry farming. Feed formulation is the process of quantifying the amounts of feed ingredients that need to be combined to form a single uniform mixture (diet) for poultry that supplies all of their nutrient requirements. Since feed accounts for 65-75% of total live production costs for most types of poultry throughout the world, a simple mistake in diet formulation can be extremely expensive for a poultry producer. Feed formulation requires thorough understanding of the: nutrient requirements of the class of poultry; feed ingredients in terms of nutrient composition and constraints in terms of nutrition and processing, and cost and availability of the ingredients. This book is intended to provide a framework on poultry farming and feeding methods and strategies. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. It deals with pathogenicity, dietary fortification, genetic adaptation, mitigation strategies, sequencing technology and ethno-vet practices. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the growth of this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. This book will be beneficial for the students, teachers, researchers, farmers, and other professionals, who are interested to strengthen and expand their knowledge about chicken products in fields of poultry science, biotechnology, plant science, and agriculture.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Research Progress in Genetic Control of Reproductive Performance in Chicken by High-Throughput Sequencing Technology..............1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Application of high-throughput sequencing technology in

quantitative traits..................................................................................2

3. Conclusion..............................................................................................8

4. Future perspective.................................................................................8

Acknowledgements...............................................................................9

Conflict of interest................................................................................9

Chapter 2 Nitrogen Emissions and Mitigation Strategies in Chicken Production...................................................................................................15

Abstract.................................................................................................15

1. Introduction..........................................................................................16

2. Emissions in poultry supply chain..................................................17

3. Nitrogen excretions in chicken production...................................19

4. Challenges associated with nitrogen emissions in chicken

production............................................................................................22

5. Strategies for reducing emissions....................................................24

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................32

Chapter 3 Quality of Chicken Meat..........................................................................37

Abstract ................................................................................................37

1. Introduction ........................................................................................38

2. Nutritional value of chicken meat .................................................39

3. Parameters of chicken meat quality................................................43

4. Enrichment of chicken meat with functional ingredients .........49

5. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids, carnosine and selenium on human

health.....................................................................................................58

6. Conclusion............................................................................................61

Acknowledgements ...........................................................................62

Chapter 4 Genomics Tools for the Characterization of Genetic Adaptation of

Low Input Extensively Raised Chickens............................................78

Abstract.................................................................................................78

1. Introduction ........................................................................................79

2. Chicken populations and genotypes .............................................80

3. Characteristics of extensive and smallholder chicken production

systems..................................................................................................81

4. Natural selection pressures as forces of genetic adaptation in

village chickens....................................................................................82

5. Rationale for studying genetic adaptation in local chicken

populations...........................................................................................83

6. Previous attempts to characterize and manipulate adaptive

genetic diversity in village chicken populations .........................85

7. Genomics tools for characterization of signatures of selection and

genetic adaptation...............................................................................87

8. Genomic tools in village chicken breed improvement

programs...............................................................................................91

9. Conclusion ...........................................................................................93

Chapter 5 Bio-Detoxification of Jatropha Seed Cake and Its Use in Animal

Feed............................................................................................................101

1. Introduction........................................................................................101

2. Methodology......................................................................................102

3. Results.................................................................................................107

4. Conclusions........................................................................................119

Acknowledgments.............................................................................119

Chapter 6 Effects of Dietary Fortification of Vitamin A and Folic Acid on the

Composition of Chicken Egg...............................................................126

1. Introduction........................................................................................126

2. Materials and methods....................................................................129

3. Results and discussion.....................................................................131

Chapter 7 Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype-3 in Chickens and

Turkeys......................................................................................................139

1. Introduction........................................................................................139

2. Methods used in the study.............................................................141

3. Pathogenicity of avian paramyxovirus serotype-3.....................143

4. Outcome of the study......................................................................145

5. Conclusions........................................................................................146

6. Acknowledgments.............................................................................147

Chapter 8 Genetically Modified Soybean in Animal Nutrition.....................151

1. Introduction ......................................................................................151

2. Agronomic impact of genetically modified soybean ................153

3. Genetic modification of soybean ..................................................154

4. Nutritional assessment of genetically modified soybean..........156

5. Fate of transgenic DNA and new protein in animal organs and

products..............................................................................................162

6. Effects on animal health of GM soybean.....................................166

7. Human/animal safety of glyphosate.............................................173

8. Conclusions........................................................................................176

Chapter 9 Major Health Constraints and Ethno-Vet Practices of Small-Scale

and Backyard Chicken Production in Some Selected Regions of

Ethiopia.....................................................................................................187

Abstract...............................................................................................187

1. Introduction........................................................................................188

2. Research methodology.....................................................................188

3. Results.................................................................................................193

4. Discussion...........................................................................................198

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................202

Acknowledgements...........................................................................203

Conflict of interest............................................................................203

Citation......................................................................................................207

Index...........................................................................................................209

About Author

Bruce Torres obtained his Ph.D. in Animal Science from Public State University, Krasnoyarsk. His research interests include meat farming, veterinary immunology and veterinary epidemiology. He serves as a Research Associate at Institute of Technology, Cherkasy Oblast. Torres has written many articles and research reports on domestic animal physiology, poultry science and animal systems management. He has attended numerous conferences and symposiums and has presented 8 papers on livestock production and poultry science.