About Book

Managing our forests is not only important to the wildlife, but to ourselves, our economy and way of life. We need to continue to save the forests and help the ecosystems within them because human beings are also part of the ecosystem. Forest management is the maintaining and management of not only the trees in the forest, but the streams, habitat, watersheds, and even the decaying trees or logs on the forest floor. It addresses forest degradation and deforestation while increasing direct benefits to people and the environment. At the social level, sustainable forest management contributes to livelihoods, income generation and employment. At the environmental level, it contributes to important services such as carbon sequestration and water, soil and biodiversity conservation. Managing forests sustainably means increasing their benefits including timber and food, to meet society's needs in a way that conserves and maintains forest ecosystems for the benefit of present and still not managed sustainably. Forests are influenced by climate, landform and soil composition and they exist in a wide variety of forms in the tropical, temperate and boreal zones of the world. Besides the need to set aside conservation areas, it is now being increasingly realised that sustainable production of wood, through environmentally sound selective harvesting practices is one of the most effective ways in ensuring in-situ conservation of the biological diversity of forest ecosystems. This book aims to provide essential information about forest management techniques, forest diseases, sustainable forestry, forest conservation, offset, structure, diversity, threats, forest ecosystems and multifunctional forest management. It presents the complex subject of forest conservation in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The topics covered in this extensive book, deals with the core subjects of this field. It will be of great help to researchers in the fields of landscape planning, sustainable forest management and governance.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 From Paper to Carbon Money: Financing Forest Conservation

and Offset.....................................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Historical background..........................................................................6

3. Theoretical background.......................................................................7

4. Methodological assumptions............................................................15

5. Loanable-Forest Funds (LFF) model...............................................18

6. Conclusion............................................................................................31

Chapter 2 Creating Modern Community Conservation Organizations and Institutions to Effect Successful Forest Conservation Change......38

Abstract.................................................................................................38

1. Introduction..........................................................................................39

2. Methods................................................................................................41

3. Results — Case histories...................................................................41

4. Discussion.............................................................................................61

5. Conclusions: Practitioner knowledge parallels and is supported

by research...........................................................................................64

Chapter 3 Modeling of Soil Erosion and Its Implication to Forest Management...............................................................................................77

1. Introduction..........................................................................................77

2. Soil Erosion..........................................................................................78

3. Forest Management and Soil Erosion.............................................79

4. Soil Loss Characterization.................................................................80

5. Soil Loss Estimation...........................................................................82

6. Data Analysis and Modeling............................................................84

7. Model Validation.................................................................................85

8. Sample size...........................................................................................86

9. Uncertainty...........................................................................................86

10. Conclusions..........................................................................................86

Chapter 4 Close-to-Nature Forest Management: The Danish Approach to

Sustainable Forestry ................................................................................91

1. Introduction..........................................................................................91

2. The history of nature-based forest management – In short .....94

3. Close-to-nature forest management in Denmark .....................99

4. Conclusion .......................................................................................112

5. Acknowledgments ...........................................................................113

Chapter 5 Evaluating Abiotic Factors Related to Forest Diseases: Tool for

Sustainable Forest Management ........................................................116

1. Introduction........................................................................................116

2. Collecting information ....................................................................117

3. Developing the database.................................................................119

4. Building risk models .......................................................................119

5. Conclusions........................................................................................130

6. Acknowledgment ...........................................................................131

Chapter 6 Sustainable Forest Management:

An Introduction and Overview...........................................................139

1. Introduction........................................................................................139

2. Global forest resources ...................................................................139

3. Sustainable forest management ....................................................140

4. Criteria and indicators ....................................................................141

5. Forest certification ...........................................................................145

6. Conclusion .........................................................................................150

7. Acknowledgment .............................................................................151

Chapter 7 Irreversibility and Uncertainty in Multifunctional Forest

Management Allocation........................................................................156

1. Introduction........................................................................................156

2. The model...........................................................................................161

3. Result .................................................................................................166

4. Concluding remarks.........................................................................169

Chapter 8 Sustainable Forest Management Techniques .................................173

1. Introduction........................................................................................173

2. Design concept of WSN system for forest monitoring ............178

3. Proof of Concept (PoC) for forest monitoring ..........................183

4. Deployment challenges ...................................................................191

5. Energy harvesting techniques .......................................................192

6. Conclusion .........................................................................................201

Chapter 9 Structure, Diversity, Threats and Conservation of Tropical

Forests........................................................................................................208

1. Introduction........................................................................................208

2. Tropical forests - Structure, synergy, synthesis..........................209

3. Tropical forest fragmentation.........................................................212

4. Impact of anthropogenic pressure.................................................214

5. Geographic information system and remote sensing................216

6. Tropical forest protection and process.........................................218

Chapter 10 Forest Transportation Systems as a Key Factor in Quality

Management of Forest Ecosystems.....................................................230

1. Introduction ......................................................................................230

2. Research area.....................................................................................238

3. Research goals and methods..........................................................249

4. Research area.....................................................................................251

5. Research results.................................................................................251

6. Discussion...........................................................................................258

7. Concluding remarks.........................................................................262

Citation......................................................................................................269

Index...........................................................................................................271

About Author

Tom Baştürk is an Ecologist and Environmental Specialist with more than 20 years of academic and consulting experience based at Ivanovo. He holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences from Science University, Jakobstad. Baştürk is on the editorial board of several renowned environmental journals; and has edited over 40 technical papers and eight reference books. He has won several awards for his knowledge and contributions to this field. His areas of academic interest are silviculture, forest genetic resources, reforestation, forest management and forestry policies.