About Book

Substantial progress has been made over the past decade in our understanding of nematode parasitism of plants that is now being applied to devise novel management. Nematodes are microscopic, eel-like roundworms. Management of nematodes is difficult. Nematode problems are more severe and complicated in warmer than cooler areas, in horticultural than field crops, mono-culture than multi-culture, plantation crops than natural forests and vegetation. The most reliable practices are preventive, including sanitation and choice of plant varieties. We can reduce existing infestations through fallowing, crop rotation, and soil solarization. However, these methods reduce nematodes primarily in the top foot or so of the soil, so they are effective only for about a year. They are suitable primarily for annual plants or to help young woody plants establish. Once nematodes infest an area or crop, try to minimize damage by adjusting planting dates to cooler times of the season when nematodes are less active. Horticultural crops are more efficient producers of biomass and harvestable produce than the agronomical crops. Nematodes pose a constraint to horticultural development and intensive cultivation. This book focuses on biological control, expression of genes, nematode resistance, plant parasitic nematodes, entomopathogenic nematodes, genetic resistance, glycinerich, rhizosphere microorganisms and grafting. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in this field. It presents the complex subject of nematodes in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The topics included in it are of utmost significance and are bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Grafting: An Effective Strategy for Nematode Management in

Tomato Genotypes......................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Grafted tomato plants and cost implications..................................2

3. Rootstock selection and tomato grafting against root-knot

nematode.................................................................................................3

4. Grafting techniques...............................................................................6

5. Requirements and graft union formation........................................7

6. Fruit quality of grafted plants............................................................9

7. Screening of Solanum rootstocks against root-knot

nematodes.............................................................................................10

8. Screening of rootstocks for the Mi gene using molecular

markers..................................................................................................11

9. Conclusions..........................................................................................12

Chapter 2 Earthworms and Nematodes: The Ecological and Functional Interactions.................................................................................................18

Abstract.................................................................................................18

1. Introduction..........................................................................................18

2. Effects of earthworms on nematode communities.......................21

3. Final considerations............................................................................31

Chapter 3 Assessing the Viability and Degeneration of the Medically Important Filarial Nematodes................................................................38

Abstract.................................................................................................38

1. Introduction..........................................................................................39

2. Filarial nematodes...............................................................................41

3. Assessment of parasitic nematodes.................................................42

4. Technical aspects of assessing nematodes.....................................45

5. Discussion.............................................................................................58

Chapter 4 Harnessing Useful Rhizosphere Microorganisms for Nematode

Control.........................................................................................................62

Abstract.................................................................................................62

1. Introduction..........................................................................................63

2. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles...................................................64

3. Root exudates and nematode control.............................................65

4. Soil bacteria and nematode control.................................................66

5. Fungi and symbiotic reprogramming in host cells......................70

6. Fungi antagonists of nematodes......................................................73

7. Types of nematode‐antagonistic fungi and their mode of

action.....................................................................................................73

8. Potential of antagonistic fungi in nematode control...................75

9. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi..........................................................78

10. Conclusions..........................................................................................80

Chapter 5 Evolutionary Expansion of Nematode-Specific GlycineRich

Secreted Peptides....................................................................................100

Abstract...............................................................................................100

1. Introduction........................................................................................101

2. Materials and methods....................................................................102

3. Results.................................................................................................104

4. Discussion...........................................................................................113

Chapter 6 Genetic Resistance to the Reniform Nematode in Cotton...........118

Abstract ..............................................................................................118

1. Introduction........................................................................................119

2. Tolerance and resistance mechanisms of cotton to reniform

nematode.............................................................................................120

3. Evaluation of G. hirsutum genotypes to

reniform nematode...........................................................................122

4. Introgression of reniform nematode resistance into Upland

cotton...................................................................................................123

5. Functional analysis of reniform nematode infection in

cotton...................................................................................................127

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................132

Chapter 7 Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Pest Management...................145

Abstract...............................................................................................145

1. Entomopathogenic nematodes........................................................146

2. Use of entomopathogenic nematodes...........................................149

3. Conclusions........................................................................................155

Chapter 8 Evaluation of the Efficiency of Some Antagonistic Trichoderma

spp. in the Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes................162

Abstract...............................................................................................162

1. Introduction........................................................................................163

2. Materials and Methods....................................................................164

3. Results and Discussion....................................................................166

Chapter 9 Engineered Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance............................193

1. Introduction........................................................................................193

2. Conclusion..........................................................................................218

Acknowledgements...........................................................................218

Chapter 10 Changes in the Expression of Genes in Soybean Roots Infected by

Nematodes................................................................................................235

1. Introduction ............................................................................. 235

2. Gene expression in soybean...........................................................238

3. Conclusions........................................................................................252

4. Acknowledgments.............................................................................253

Chapter 11 Future Biological Control for Soybean Cyst Nematode...............260

1. Introduction........................................................................................260

2. Genus Lecanicillium, as pathogen of plant parasitic

nematodes...........................................................................................261

3. Genetic improvement of entomopathogenic Lecanicillium spp.

using protoplast fusion....................................................................262

4. Future prospect (potential of biological control agents for SCN

and other complex diseases)...........................................................271

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................272

Citation......................................................................................................281

Index...........................................................................................................283

About Author

Reece D obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Processes and Biomolecules from Public Research University, Toulouse. He has extensively worked on entomopathogenic nematodes, taxonomy, ecology of nematophagous fungi and its applications in biocontrol. He is working as a Postdoc at University, Baltimore. He has contributed & published research papers, articles on nematodes in pest management, nematode resistance, recent developments in biocontrol of plant diseases and new approaches in microbial ecology.