About Book

Earthquakes happen as large blocks of the Earth's crust move past one another as a consequence of the force between plate tectonics. These blocks of the Earth's crust meet at cracks called faults. The size of an earthquake depends on the size of the fault and the amount of slip on the fault, but that's not something that can be measure in a simply way. The extensions of the faults are many kilometers deep beneath the earth's surface. So to measure an earthquake it is use the seismogram recordings made on the seismographs at the surface of the earth determine how large the earthquake was. The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards is essential in the modern society. The mitigation of such kind of hazards extends from detailed studies on seismicity, assessment of sites affected and seismo-induced landslides. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of earthquake. It is a subject that provides a direct interface between structural geology, earthquake geology, surface processes and tectonic geodesy. It deals with a variety of topics like earthquake ground motions, change point analysis, climatic change, earthquake detection, tsunami flow, information management system, economic issues and shear bandings. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included in it. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this textbook an invaluable source of knowledge. It will be of extreme interest to engineers, researchers, scientists, faculty members and students working in these areas.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Earthquakes, Life at Risk ..............................1

1. Natural hazards and disasters............................................................1

2. Hydrometeorological hazards.............................................................5

3. Natural risk............................................................................................5

4. World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction..............................7

5. Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030............7

Chapter 2 Damage Estimation of a Steel-Framed Building under Tsunami Flow Occurring after Earthquake.........................................................11

Abstract.................................................................................................11

1. Introduction..........................................................................................11

2. Fluid analysis using stabilized FEM...............................................12

3. Structural analysis of tsunami evacuation building considering

tsunami wave force.............................................................................21

4. Debris impact analysis of tsunami evacuation building.............29

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................30

Acknowledgements.............................................................................31

Chapter 3 The Major Cause of Earthquake Disasters: Shear Bandings.........33

Abstract.................................................................................................33

1. Introduction..........................................................................................34

2. Bridge disaster caused by shear banding......................................36

3. Building disasters caused by shear banding.................................36

4. Soil liquefaction disaster caused by shear banding.....................45

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................49

Acknowledgements.............................................................................50

Chapter 4 The Role of Earthquake Information Management System to

Reduce Destruction in Disasters with Earthquake Approach.......54

1. Introduction..........................................................................................54

2. Problem statement..............................................................................55

3. Aim........................................................................................................56

4. Methodology........................................................................................56

5. Results...................................................................................................58

6. About EIMS..........................................................................................59

7. EIMS in Afghanistan..........................................................................61

8. EIMS in Japan......................................................................................61

9. EIMS in Turkey...................................................................................62

10. EIMS in Iran.........................................................................................63

11. Evaluating the effectiveness of EIMS design in each country...64

12. Conclusion............................................................................................65

Acknowledgment................................................................................66

Chapter 5 Daily Variation in Earthquake Detection Capability:

A Quantitative Evaluation......................................................................70

1. Introduction..........................................................................................70

2. Data........................................................................................................71

3. Statistical method to evaluate the daily variation in detection

capability of earthquakes...................................................................72

4. Results of the analysis of the JMA catalogue...............................80

5. Discussions...........................................................................................84

6. Concluding remarks...........................................................................86

Acknowledgments...............................................................................87

Chapter 6 Global Climatic Changes, a Possible Cause of the Recent Increasing

Trend of Earthquakes Since the 90’s and Subsequent Lessons

Learnt...........................................................................................................92

1. Introduction..........................................................................................92

2. Problem statement..............................................................................95

3. Application area..................................................................................96

4. Research course...................................................................................96

5. Method used........................................................................................97

6. Information to the public................................................................105

7. Status...................................................................................................107

8. Results.................................................................................................108

9. Further research.................................................................................109

10. Conclusions........................................................................................109

Chapter 7 Seismic Risk of Structures and the Economic Issues of

Earthquakes .............................................................................................113

1. Introduction........................................................................................113

2. The estimation of seismic loss of structures in the PBEE

framework..........................................................................................116

3. The employment of seismic hazard analysis for the assessment

of seismic risk....................................................................................125

4. Regional economic models..............................................................131

5. Conclusions........................................................................................134

Chapter 8 Change Point Analysis in Earthquake Data....................................139

1. Introduction........................................................................................139

2. Poisson process..................................................................................141

3. Methods for Estimating Change Point.........................................142

4. Detecting change point in worldwide earthquake data and

findings ..............................................................................................143

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................154

Chapter 9 Application of a Highly Reduced One-Dimensional Spring-

Dashpot System to Inelastic SSI Systems Subjected to Earthquake

Ground Motions......................................................................................157

1. Introduction........................................................................................157

2. Methodology for transforming structural systems with

non-classical damping into reduced 1DSDs................................164

3. Application to soil-shallow foundation-structure system.........167

4. Conclusion..........................................................................................180

Citation......................................................................................................187

Index...........................................................................................................189

About Author

Cathy Short received her M.Sc. and Ph.D. Degrees in Earth Science from Public Science Research University, Nova Scotia with a specialization in Geotechnical Engineering. Her research interests include earthquake engineering, seismology and tectonics. She is a Visiting Professor at Community College, Tabasco. Short has authored over 150 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and scientific papers, published worldwide. She has also co-edited over 20 books on earthquake engineering and geotechnical engineering. She is an active member of several scientific and technical societies, where she continues to share her expertise and knowledge in the field of earth sciences.