About Book

The science of light is applied in a technological field known as photonics, and this theme addresses the important ways that photonic devices impact areas such as medicine, communications and energy. The everyday gadgets in our lives such as DVDs, barcode scanners, smart phones, flat screen televisions are all based on photonics. Latest research in photonics aims to provide the research into the design, technology and applications of integrated photonic devices, circuits, and waveguides. It is a good contribution for providing the way for further innovations in photonic technology. Photonics technologies have remarkably progressed so far in the field of optical communications such as optical interconnection, optical signal processing, and photonic integrated circuits. The objective of this book is to present the latest advances in photonics technologies and their applications, and to promote the research and development. It deals with integrated silicon photonics, fianite, crystal fibers, crystal surface, merging plasmonics, inorganic semiconductor, photonic crystals and beamforming networks. It picks up individual concepts and theories and explains their need and contribution in the context of the growth of this field. The book will be of valuable tool for experienced professionals, academics and research as well as young researchers starting their carrier in this field.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Unique Applications of Silicon Photonics.1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Silicon photonics: a brief overview...................................................1

3. Role of ultrafast lasers.........................................................................2

4. Conclusions............................................................................................3

Chapter 2 Design and Optimization of Photonics-Based Beamforming Networks for Ultra-Wide mmWave Band Antenna Arrays..............7

Abstract...................................................................................................7

1. Introduction............................................................................................8

2. Microwave and millimeter-wave photonics technique in 5G

wireless networks of RoF architecture...........................................10

3. Theoretical background of array antenna beam steering...........13

4. Microwave photonics beamforming networks..............................20

5. Principles and ways to photonics BFN design.............................23

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................29

Acknowledgements.............................................................................30

Conflict of interest..............................................................................30

Chapter 3 1D Photonic Crystals: Principles and Applications in Silicon Photonics ...................................................................................................34

Abstract.................................................................................................34

1. Introduction..........................................................................................34

2. Fundamentals of 1D photonic crystals...........................................35

3. Applications of diffraction regime...................................................38

4. Applications of sub-wavelength regime.........................................42

5. Applications of Bragg reflection regime.........................................51

6. Conclusion............................................................................................53

Chapter 4 Amorphous Silicon Photonics...............................................................60

Abstract ...............................................................................................60

1. Introduction..........................................................................................60

2. Low-loss a-Si:H waveguide..............................................................62

3. Vertical interlayer transition devices...............................................70

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................79

Chapter 5 Efficient Optical Modulation of Terahertz Transmission in Organic

and Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid System for Printed Terahertz

Electronics and Photonics.......................................................................84

Abstract ...............................................................................................84

1. Introduction..........................................................................................85

2. Experiment...........................................................................................88

3. Results and discussions.....................................................................91

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................96

Acknowledgements.............................................................................97

Chapter 6 Merging Plasmonics and Silicon Photonics Towards Greener and

Faster “Network-on-Chip” Solutions for Data Centers and High-

Performance Computing Systems .....................................................102

1. Introduction........................................................................................103

2. Tb/s-scale hybrid Router-on-Chip platform................................106

3. Conclusion..........................................................................................126

Acknowledgement............................................................................127

Chapter 7 Angular-Resolved Optical Characteristics and Threshold Gain

Analysis of GaN-Based 2-D Photonics Crystal Surface Emitting

Lasers ........................................................................................................133

1. Introduction........................................................................................133

2. Fabrication processes........................................................................134

3. Optical measurement system and the foundatment mode of PhC

laser......................................................................................................138

4. Bragg diffraction mechanism..........................................................144

5. Angular-resolved optical characteristics at different band-edge

modes..................................................................................................148

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................151

7. Acknowledgment..............................................................................152

Chapter 8 Long-Period Gratings Based on Photonics Crystal Fibers and Their

Applications.............................................................................................154

1. Introduction........................................................................................154

2. Basic operation principle of LPGs [23, 38, 48]............................155

3. Theoretical properties of an LPG based on PCF [38]...............156

4. Fabrication and experimental observations on properties of a

LPG based on PCF [38]...................................................................162

5. Applications of an LPG in PCF in optical fiber sensors..........166

6. Summary.............................................................................................182

Chapter 9 Fianite in Photonics ..............................................................................187

1. Introduction........................................................................................187

2. Techniques for the synthesis of fianite crystals Fianite

substrates............................................................................................188

3. Fianite as a substrate and buffer layer for Si, Si-Ge and AIIIBV

compounds epitaxy..........................................................................192

4. Functional fianite films on Si, Ge and GaAs substrates...........213

5. Silicon and III-V solar cells with fianite antireflecting layer...228

6. Conclusions........................................................................................238

Chapter 10 Germanium-on-Silicon for Integrated Silicon Photonics.............245

1. Introduction........................................................................................245

2. Waveguide integrated germanium photodetector......................253

3. Germanium light source..................................................................266

Citation......................................................................................................295

Index...........................................................................................................297

About Author

Agatha Witherspoon pursued her Master of Science in Optics and Photonics from Central University College, Salvador. She has written numerous research articles and papers on laser weld machines, vacuum machines and pulsed laser deposition. She is a distinguished professor of higher education and currently serves as guest faculty for several universities across Europe. Witherspoon has worked on fundamentals of quantum mechanics; the interaction of light with photonic crystals, quantum wells, ultrafast and nonlinear optical phenomena in condensed matter systems and plasma physics.