About Book

Plant genetics and plant breeding are rapidly expanding areas. New scientific advances in the field of genetics are exploring new frontiers in plant breeding. Crops are genetically modified for various reasons such as to increase yield, develop resistance towards pathogens, etc. The generic term “chromosome engineering” encompasses a set of biotechnological procedures in which chromosome features are manipulated to change their structure and mode of genetic inheritance. The employment of these technologies can enormously facilitate and accelerate the mapping of plant genomes, the analysis of gene functions and ultimately the development of plant breeding programs. Additionally, the study of chromosome biology and genome structure allows a broadened view of plant species evolution. In this book, a wide range of researches fully covering the above-mentioned topics have been compiled. It deals with genetic diversity, virtual plant breeding, gametes, plant mutation, plant architecture, genetic algorithm prediction, chromosome and biosorbent. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on plant genetics have been included in this book. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm Prediction of Heavy Metal Removal Using a Novel Plant-Based Biosorbent Banana Floret: Kinetic, Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and

Desorption Studies.....................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Materials and methods .......................................................................2

3. Results and discussion.........................................................................4

4. Conclusion............................................................................................24

Nomenclature.......................................................................................25

Greek symbols.....................................................................................26

Chapter 2 The Use of Gamma Irradiation in Plant Mutation Breeding........32

Abstract.................................................................................................32

1. Introduction..........................................................................................33

2. Application of gamma rays to induce mutation and in vitro

selection ...............................................................................................34

3. Ionize radiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defense

systems of ROS....................................................................................39

4. Conclusion ...........................................................................................42

Chapter 3 Breeding for Drought Resistance Using Whole Plant Architecture —

Conventional and Molecular Approach..............................................49

1. Introduction..........................................................................................49

2. What is drought resistance?..............................................................51

3. What characters are associated with drought resistance?..........52

4. Genetic elements associated with drought resistance.................54

5. Breeding for drought resistance — Selection environment.......55

6. Breeding for drought resistance — Marker-assisted selection..57

7. Breeding for drought resistance — Conventional approach.......60

8. Time tested tips for breeding for drought across crops.............62

Chapter 4 Chromosome Substitution Lines: Concept, Development and

Utilization in the Genetic Improvement of Upland Cotton..........67

1. Introduction..........................................................................................67

2. Cytogenetic resources of cotton.......................................................70

3. Development of chromosome substitution lines..........................73

4. Development of different genetic resources using the CS

lines........................................................................................................77

5. Discovery of alien chromosomal effects on important traits using

the CS lines..........................................................................................80

6. Conclusion............................................................................................89

7. Acknowledgements.............................................................................89

Chapter 5 Use of 2n Gametes in Plant Breeding ................................................95

1. Introduction ........................................................................................95

2. 2n gametes: mechanisms and genetic background ....................97

3. Sources of 2n gametes........................................................................99

4. Practical use of 2n gametes in plant breeding ..........................100

5. Role of 2n gametes in plant breeding .........................................109

6. Conclusions .......................................................................................111

Chapter 6 Modelling and Simulation of Plant Breeding Strategies ............133

1. Introduction .....................................................................................133

2. Principles of plant breeding simulation ....................................134

3. Explanation of simulation results ...............................................152

4. Conclusion .......................................................................................156

5. Acknowledgments ..........................................................................156

Chapter 7 Virtual Plant Breeding .........................................................................160

1. Introduction ......................................................................................160

2. Material and methods .....................................................................162

3. Results ................................................................................................167

4. Discussion ........................................................................................173

5. Conclusion .........................................................................................178

Chapter 8 SPAR Profiles for the Assessment of Genetic Diversity Between

Male and Female Landraces of the Dioecious Betelvine Plant (Piper

betle L.)......................................................................................................181

1. Introduction........................................................................................181

2. Materials and methods....................................................................185

3. Results.................................................................................................191

4. Discussion...........................................................................................195

Citation......................................................................................................209

Index...........................................................................................................211

About Author

Rafe De pursued his Ph.D. in Agricultural Engineering with specialization in Biotechnology from Public Research University, Valencia. His researches focus on irrigation, plant production and characterizing the genetic diversity of plant. He also serves on the editorial board of two renowned international journals in the field of agriculture along with serving as a guest lecturer for several prestigious universities. Rafe consistently shares his knowledge with the student fraternity by organizing lectures and conferences for students around the globe.