About Book

One of the major problems that our planet faces today is of pollution. Economic development and population growth are hugely increasing both the demands on existing resources of water and the environmental pollution in many parts of the world. It causes severe damage to natural resources and living organisms inhabiting the ecosystem. Pollution refers to the emission of harmful components like chemicals, methane gas, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, paint, grease and waste materials into environmental resources like water bodies, air, land, etc. The goal of this subject is to prevent the deterioration of natural resources and implement policies for environmental protection. It also aims at protection of the biodiversity of our planet along with their habitats. The rising levels of pollution and exploitation of natural resources pose a serious threat to our environment. This book is compiled in such a manner that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the causes and effects of pollution. It explores mass spectrometric methodologies, environmental pollution stress, oxidative stress, hydrocarbon pollution, bioremediation, environmental law, pesticides, analytical procedures, nitride-based photocatalyst, groundwater pollution and environmental impacts. Mostly, the pollutants in the environment include a different group of compounds, as pharmaceuticals drugs, personal-care products, surfactants, industrial additives and agents, heavy metal and toxic mineral. The topics included in it are of utmost significance and are bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It explains all the important aspects of environmental pollution in the present-day scenario. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile...........................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Soil: fundamental concepts related to pesticide leaching.............5

3. Behavior and fate of pesticide residues in the soil........................8

4. Vulnerability risk of groundwater to pesticide pollution...........19

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................23

Chapter 2 Recent Development of Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Photocatalyst for Environmental Pollution Remediation...............36

Abstract.................................................................................................36

1. Introduction..........................................................................................37

2. General overview on g-C3N4 photocatalyst...................................38

3. Recent progress on the development of g-C3N4 photocatalyst for

environmental remediation...............................................................47

4. Conclusions and future directions...................................................48

Acknowledgements.............................................................................49

Chapter 3 Analytical Procedures for Determining Heavy Metal Contents in Honey: A Bioindicator of Environmental Pollution........................55

Abstract.................................................................................................55

1. Introduction..........................................................................................56

2. Metals in soils: impacts on apiculture............................................57

3. Metals in honey...................................................................................59

4. Sample treatments...............................................................................60

5. Analytical methods.............................................................................63

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................64

Chapter 4 Pesticides, Environmental Pollution and Health..............................72

Abstract ................................................................................................72

1. Introduction..........................................................................................73

2. Historical perspective.........................................................................75

3. Classification of pesticides................................................................76

4. Pesticide pollution...............................................................................79

5. Effect of pesticides on health and the environment....................83

Chapter 5 Oil Pollution and International Marine Environmental Law......103

1. Introduction........................................................................................103

2. International law documents on marine environment

pollution..............................................................................................106

3. International legal documents on the oil pollution at sea.......110

4. International liability regime for oil pollution............................112

5. Further international documents on oil pollution of the marine

environment.......................................................................................117

6. Unilateral “Solutions”......................................................................122

7. Regional conventions........................................................................125

8. Conclusion..........................................................................................129

Chapter 6 Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living Organisms, Remediation

of Contaminated Environments, and Effects of Heavy Metals Co-

Contamination on Bioremediation.....................................................137

1. Introduction........................................................................................137

2. Remediation........................................................................................142

3. Effect of heavy metals on bioremediation...................................149

4. Conclusions and recommendations...............................................157

Chapter 7 Environmental Pollution and Oxidative Stress in Fish................165

1. Introduction........................................................................................165

2. Peculiarities of field pollution as a stressful factor....................166

3. Oxidative manifestations: Reactive oxygen species, damage to

lipids, proteins and DNA ..............................................................170

4. Non-enzymatic antioxidants: Glutathione and other

scavengers...........................................................................................173

5. Antioxidant enzymes ......................................................................177

6. Effect of seasons and abiotic factors on the biomarkers of

oxidative stress .................................................................................185

7. Poisoning and adaptation: Caged fish ........................................190

8. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the multi-marker approach:

Integrated data analysis .................................................................193

9. Conclusions and perspectives .......................................................196

10. Acknowledgment .............................................................................197

Chapter 8 Enhancing Phytoremediation Efficiency in Response to

Environmental Pollution Stress...........................................................214

1. Introduction........................................................................................214

2. Phytoremediation..............................................................................215

3. Plant response to abiotic stresses...................................................217

4. Enhancing phytoremediation efficiency ......................................219

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................228

6. Acknowledgment..............................................................................228

Chapter 9 Highlights of Mass Spectrometric Methodologies in

Environmental Pollution.......................................................................235

1. Introduction........................................................................................235

2. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)...............238

3. Aplication of spray desorption methods ....................................244

4. Gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

applications.........................................................................................249

5. Acknowledgements...........................................................................259

Chapter 10 Pollution of Water Resources and Environmental Impacts in Urban

Areas of Developing Countries: Case of the City of Les Cayes

(Haiti).........................................................................................................269

Abstract...............................................................................................269

1. Introduction........................................................................................270

2. Life cycle of Cryptosporidium.......................................................271

3. Case study in the city of Les Cayes.............................................276

4. Behavior of Cryptosporidium oocysts under chemical conditions

in saturated porous media..............................................................277

5. Retention of C. parvum oocysts in the soil.................................281

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................286

Citation...................................................................................... 297

Index...........................................................................................................299

About Author

John Landis pursued his Ph.D. in Environmental Science from Technological University, Southampton. His areas of interest are urban pollution, point source pollution and air pollution. Landis serves as an Associate Lecturer at Public Research University, Nantes and has also been presented the “University Excellence in Teaching” award. Landis has attended numerous scientific conferences and symposiums; and has presented 6 papers on pollution control measures. He also serves on the editorial board of international journals in the field of environment.